Consumption of osmo-dehydrated Andean Berry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) decreases levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers of overweight and obese adults / Consumo de agraz osmodeshidratado (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) disminuye los niveles de biomarcadores proinflamatorios de adultos con sobrepeso y obesidad

Background: A Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 24.9 Kg/m2 promotes chronic inflammation due to increased secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines. Consuming fruits rich in bioactive compounds such as berries is a promising strategy to counteract this effect. Objectives: Determine the effect of osmo-dehydrated Andean Berry consumption on inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, IL- 6, IL-1ß, and adiponectin) and plasma antioxidant capacity in overweight and obese adults after 21 days. Methods: Andean Berry was osmo-dehydrated in 70% sucrose syrup. Antioxidant activity, proximal composition, phenolic content, microbiological analysis, and sensory analysis of the product were determined. Twenty-five obese and overweight subjects consumed 35g of osmo-dehydrated berry for 21 days. Inflammatory biomarkers and antioxidant capacity in plasma were evaluated at the beginning and end of the study. Results: Osmo-dehydrated Andean Berry presented a total phenolic content of 692.7 ± 47.4 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents/100 g. All biomarkers evaluated in the subjects showed statistically significant differences (p> 0.05), except for CRP, before and after the study. IL-6 presented the more significant reduction among all pro-inflammatory adipokines with an effect size of 18.4 Conclusions: Regular consumption of osmo-dehydrated Andean Berry contributes to decreasing pro-inflammatory biomarkers and improves the plasma antioxidant capacity of overweight and obese adults

Antecedentes: un índice de masa corporal (IMC) superior a 24.9 kg/m2 promueve la inflamación crónica debido al aumento en la secreción de adipocinas proinflamatorias. El consumo de frutas ricas en compuestos bioactivos como las bayas es una estrategia prometedora para contrarrestar este efecto. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto del consumo de agraz osmodeshidratado en biomarcadores inflamatorios (TNF-α, IL- 6, IL-1ß y adiponectina) y capacidad antioxidante plasmática de adultos con sobrepeso y obesidad después de 21 días. Métodos: El agraz fue osmo-deshidratado en jarabe de sacarosa al 70%. Se determinó la actividad antioxidante, composición proximal, contenido fenólico, análisis microbiológico y análisis sensorial del producto. Veinticinco sujetos obesos y con sobrepeso consumieron 35 g de agraz osmodeshidratado durante 21 días. Se evaluaron biomarcadores inflamatorios y capacidad antioxidante en plasma al inicio y al final del estudio. Resultados: El agraz osmodeshidratado presentó un contenido fenólico total de 692.7 ± 47.4 mg GAE / 100 g. Todos los biomarcadores evaluados en los sujetos mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p> 0.05), a excepción de la PCR, antes y después del estudio. La IL-6 presentó la mayor reducción entre todas las adipocinas proinflamatorias con un tamaño del efecto de 18.4 Conclusiones: El consumo regular de agraz osmodeshidratado contribuye a disminuir los biomarcadores proinflamatorios y mejora la capacidad antioxidante plasmática de adultos con sobrepeso y obesidad

Impact of osmodehydrated Andean berry (Vaccinium merdionale Swartz) on overweight adults / Impacto del consumo de agraz (Vaccinium merdionale Swartz) osmodeshidratado en adultos con sobrepeso

Background: Andean berry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) is a native Colombian berry with potential health benefit comparable to cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), both rich in phenolic compounds with a wide range of biological activities. Objectives: to evaluate the effect of Andean berry consumption on blood biochemical parameters (lipid profile and glucose), anthropometric parameters (body weight, waist circumference, body mass index or BMI) and blood pressure of overweight adults. Methods: glycemia, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and total triglycerides in blood serum, body weight, size and waist perimeter, and blood pressure were analyzed in 25 overweight adults at day 1 and 21 after consumption of 35 g/day of osmodehydrated Andean berry. Results: a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure (10%, p = 0.0388), systolic blood pressure (6%, p = 0.0400), BMI (1.7%, p = 0.0306), weight (2%, p = 0.0388) and waist circumference (4.1%, p = 0.0052) were observed in the participants who completed the study. However, the lipid profile did not have a significant effect, the glycemia increased significantly (6.9%, p = 0.0004). Conclusions: the results of the present study suggest that the regular consumption of Andean berry treated by osmotic dehydration is a food that may help control weight and blood pressure; however, it requires another type of osmotic agent to prevent the increase of glycemia.

Antecedentes: Agraz (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) es una baya nativa colombiana con potencial beneficio en la salud comparable al arándano (Vaccinium macrocarpon), ambas ricas en compuestos fenólicos con amplio rango de actividades biológicas. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del consumo de agraz osmodeshidratado en parámetros bioquímicos sanguíneos (perfil lipídico y glucemia), antropométricos, (perímetro de cintura, índice de masa corporal o IMC) y presión arterial en adultos con sobrepeso Métodos: se analizaron los parámetros glucosa, colesterol total, colesterol-LD, colesterol-HDL, triglicéridos totales en suero, peso, talla y perímetro de cintura, y presión arterial de adultos con sobrepeso al inicio y 21 días después de consumir 35g de agraz osmodeshidratado/día. Resultados: se observó en los participantes que completaron el estudio una reducción significativa en la presión arterial diastólica (10%, p = 0,0388) y sistólica (6%, p = 0,0400), así como en el índice de masa corporal (1,7%, p = 0,0306), peso (2%, p = 0,0388) y perímetro de cintura (4,1%, p = 0,0052). Sin embargo, en el perfil lipídico no tuvo efecto significativo, aunque si aumentó significativamente el valor de la glicemia (6,9%, p = 0,0004). Conclusión: los resultados del presente estudio sugieren que el consumo regular de agraz tratado por deshidratación osmótica es un alimento que ayuda al control del peso y presión arterial, sin embargo requiere otro tipo de agente osmótico para evitar el aumento de la glicemia.

Kinetics of color change of osmotically dehydrated chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) during storage at different temperatures

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effect of storage temperature on the kinetics of color change of chub mackerel dehydrated in a ternary solution (water, glycerol and salt) and vacuum packaged in films. The color of processed fish can change because of lipids and protein oxidation during storage. Samples were stored at 7, 25 and 35 °C for seven months and kinetic models of 0, 1 and 2 order were applied to describe the color changes. It was observed that an increase in the storage temperature improved the changes in the CIE color values (L*, a* and b*). First-order reaction had the best statistical parameters for a* at the three temperatures tested. The temperature dependence of parameter a* indicated an Arrhenius relationship and the activation energy (Ea) was 44.33 kJ/mol. The parameter b* fitted to the proposed models only in samples stored at 35 °C. The L* value decreased during storage at 25 and 35 °C (pale to dark). Storage at refrigeration temperature (7 °C) minimized the color changes.

Use of Different Kinds of Solutes Alternative to Sucrose in Osmotic Dehydration of Yacon

The present work aimed to evaluate glycerol, maltodextrin, polydextrose and sorbitol for the osmotic dehydration of yacon for diabetics, keeping its properties as prebiotic. Osmotic dehydration was carried out using a yacon to 33% concentrated syrup weight ratio of 1:12, with magnetic stirring at 23ºC and atmospheric pressure. The best results were achieved for glycerol and sorbitol with 80 ± 4% and 81± 1% of water removal and increase of 3.73 ± 0.11 and 4.30 ± 0.16 times in total soluble solids respectively. Maltodextrin did not promote dehydration.

Influence of osmotic dehydration on ascorbic acid loss in pickled dry peppers (Capsicum chinense)

The objective of this work was (1) to develop a dehydrated pepper with 45% humidity, determining the drying curves for pepper, with and without osmotic pre-treatment and (2) to evaluate the influence of both drying and osmotic treatment on the content ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in fresh pepper and pepper with 45% humidity. The experiments were carried out using the peppers cut in half, with and without osmotic pre-treatment, followed by drying in an oven at 70 ºC. The results showed that the osmotic pretreatment did not influence the retention of ascorbic acid during the drying of pepper. The sensory analysis regarding the color, flavor, and texture attributes revealed that there was no difference in the acceptability.

Propriedades mecânicas e estrutura celular de melão desidratado osmoticamente em soluções de sacarose ou maltose, com adição de lactato de cálcio / Mechanical properties and cellular structure of osmodehydrated melon in sucrose or maltose solutions with calcium lactate addition

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, estudar a influência do lactato de cálcio e do tipo de açúcar nas propriedades mecânicas e na estrutura celular de pedaços de melão desidratados osmoticamente. O processo foi conduzido por duas horas com agitação de 120 rpm e temperatura controlada (30º C), utilizando-se soluções desidratantes de sacarose ou maltose a 40ºBrix, contendo lactato de cálcio em concentrações de 0, 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5 por cento (p/v). As amostras foram submetidas às determinações de perda de água, ganho de sólidos, incorporação de cálcio, propriedades mecânicas (tensão e deformação na ruptura) e microscopia óptica. Os ensaios com maltose, em ação conjunta com o sal, promoveram uma maior perda de água e um menor ganho de sólidos. A adição de lactato de cálcio na solução osmótica de sacarose ou maltose resultou em maiores valores de tensão na ruptura para as frutas, sendo que tal aumento foi mais pronunciado nos ensaios com sacarose, devido à maior incorporação de cálcio observada nesses tratamentos. O lactato de cálcio mostrou-se eficiente na preservação da estrutura celular das amostras, quando utilizado em concentrações de até 1,0 por cento. A maltose apresentou um maior efeito protetor na manutenção da funcionalidade da membrana celular, enquanto que o processo realizado apenas com soluções de sacarose, assim como os ensaios realizados com concentração de sal igual a 1,5 por cento provocaram danos na parede celular e intensa plasmólise do citoplasma.

The purpose of this work was to study the influence of calcium lactate and sugar type on mechanical properties and cellular structure of osmodehydrated melon pieces. The process was carried out for two hours under controlled temperature (30º C) and agitation (120 rpm), using a 40ºBrix sucrose or maltose solution containing calcium lactate (0 to 2,0 percent). Samples were analyzed with respect to water loss, solids and calcium gain, mechanical properties (stress and strain at rupture) and structure by light microscopy. Maltose treatments in combination with the salt action promoted higher water loss and lower solids gain rates. The calcium lactate addition in the sucrose or maltose solution resulted in higher stress at rupture values. This increase was more pronounced for sucrose treatments, due to the higher calcium uptake observed in these experiments. Calcium lactate was efficient in the maintenance of melon cellular structure when used at concentrations up to 1,0 percent. Maltose showed a higher protector effect in cellular membrane functionality, while the treatment performed only with sucrose solution as well as both treatments with salt concentration at 1,5 percentcaused an intense cytoplasm plasmolysis and cell wall damages.

ANÁLISIS DEL PERFIL DE COMPUESTOS VOLÁTILES DEL MANGO (Mangifera indica L. Var. Tommy Atkins) TRATADO POR MÉTODOS COMBINADOS / VOLATILE COMPOUNDS PROFILE ANALYSIS OF MANGO (Mangifera indica L. Var. Tommy Atkins) TREATED BY COMBINED METHODS / ANÁLISE DOS COMPOSTOS VOLÁTEIS DAMANGA (Mangifera indica L. Var. Tommy Atkins) TRATADA POR MÉTODOS COMBINADOS

Se evaluó el perfil de compuestos volátiles del mango (Mangifera indica L. Var. Tommy Atkins) al ser tratado con la combinación de los métodos de deshidratación osmótica con o sin pulso de vacío (DOPV y DO) y con secado por aire caliente o con vacío (SAC y VAC). El tiempo utilizado en la cinética del proceso de DO fue de 42 horas y la DOPV de 30 horas; en los procesos de secado, el SAC se realizó durante 24 horas y el VAC requirió 40 horas. En el perfil de compuestos volátiles del mango fresco analizado por cromatografía de gases acoplada a detector de espectrometría de masas (GC-MS) se encontraron compuestos tipo mono y sesquiterpénico, además de ácidos y ésteres grasos. El germacreno D (20,49%) fue el compuesto terpénico de mayor abundancia encontrado en el análisis realizado. La cantidad de compuestos volátiles en la fruta procesada fue afectada por la aplicación de DOPV y VAC; sin embargo estas pérdidas fueron menores que en las muestras secadas sin pretratamiento osmótico. En el análisis sensorial realizado, las frutas tratadas con DOPV y DO presentaron una menor intensidad calificada en el olor en comparación con la muestra no pretratada.

The aromatic profile of mango (Mangifera indica L. Var. Tommy Atkins) after be treated with the combination of osmotic dehydration methods with or without vacuum pulse (DOPV and DO) and with hot air or vacuum drying (SAC and VAC) was evaluated. The time spent on the kinetics of the DO process was 42 hours and for DOPV was 30 hours, in drying processes, the SAC was held for 24 hours and the VAC for 40 hours. In the profile of volatile compounds of fresh mango analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS), compounds founded were mono and sesquiterpenes type, besides fatty acids and esters. The germacrene D (20.49%) was the terpene compound most abundant found in the analysis. The amount of volatile compounds in processed fruit was affected by the application of DOPV and VAC, but these losses were lower than in the dried samples without osmotic pretreatment. In the sensory analysis performed, the treated fruit by DO and DOPV showed less qualified odor intensity compared with the sample not pretreated.

Neste trabalho, foram analisadas as mudanças no perfil químico e sensorial dos compostos aromáticos da manga (Mangifera indica L. Var. Tommy Atkins) tratada pela combinação dos métodos de desidratação osmótica com ou sem pulso de vácuo (DOPV e DO) e secagem com ar quente ou com vácuo (SAC e VAC). O tempo utilizado na cinética do processos de DO e de DOPV foi de 42 horas e 30 horas, respectivamente; nos processos de secagem, o SAC foi realizado durante 24 horas e o VAC durante 40 horas. No perfil dos compostos voláteis da manga fresca analizada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espetrometria de massa (GC-MS) foram encontrados compostos do tipo mono e sesquiterpenos juntamente com ácidos e ésteres gordos. O composto terpénico presente em maior abundância foi o germacreno D (20.49%). A quantidade de compostos voláteis presentes nas frutas processadas foi afectada pela aplicação dos métodos DOPV e VAC, no entanto, estas perdas foram menores do que as ocorridas nas amostras secas sem pré-tratamento osmótico. Na análise sensorial realizada, as frutas tratadas com os métodos DOPV e DO apresentaram um aroma qualificado como sendo menos intenso do que o aroma das frutas que não receberam pré-tratamento osmótico.

Aplicación del modelo de weibull normalizado en la deshidratación osmótica de láminas de sardina / Application of Normalized Weibull Model in the Osmotic Dehydration of Sardine Sheets

Conocer la cinética de deshidratación osmótica de un alimento y los factores que la afectan son aspectos importantes para diseñar un adecuado proceso. En este trabajo se investigó la aplicación del modelo de Weibull normalizado para describir la deshidratación osmótica de láminas finitas de sardina y determinar el coeficiente de difusión efectivo del agua. La deshidratación osmótica se realizó durante 4 horas utilizando salmueras de diferentes concentraciones (0,15-0,27 g NaCl/g) y temperaturas (30-38°C). Durante el proceso se midió el contenido de agua en las láminas y estos valores se ajustaron al modelo de Weibull normalizado. Los altos valores del coeficiente de regresión (R² > 0,99), la alta significancia (α < 0,001) para el coeficiente de difusión (D) y el parámetro β, y los bajos valores del ji-cuadrado reducido, indicaron la aceptabilidad del modelo para describir el proceso y determinar el coeficiente de difusión efectivo De del agua. Los valores de D variaron entre 1,01 x 10-11 m²/s y 4, 30 x 10-11 m²/s.

Knowledge of kinetics of osmotic dehydration of a food and factors that cause effects are aspects import for the appropriate design of process. In this work the application of normalized Weibull model was investigated for describing the osmotic dehydration (OD) of sardine finite sheets and determining the effective diffusion coefficient for water. The OD was carried out during 4 hours using brine at different concentrations (0.15-0.27 g NaCl/g) and temperatures (30-38°C). During process the water content of shhets was measured and these values were fitted to normalized Weibull model. The high values of regression coefficients (R² > 0.99), high significance (α < 0.001) of diffusion coefficient (D), parameter β, and low values of chi-square indicated the acceptability of Weibull model for describing the process and determining the effective diffusion coefficient De for water. The values of D ranged from 1.01 x 10-11 m²/s to 4.30 x 10-11 m²/s.

SECADO DE UCHUVA (Physalis peruviana L) POR AIRE CALIENTE CON PRETRATAMIENTO DE OSMODESHIDRATACIÓN / DRY GOOSEBERRY (Physalis peruviana L) WITH PRETREATMENT OF OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION

En este trabajo se determinan las condiciones de temperatura más favorables para un proceso de secado de uchuva (Physalis peruviana L) con aire caliente, con deshidratación osmótica (DO) como pretratamiento, utilizando una solución de sacarosa de 70o Brix a 40oC durante 16 horas. Se realiza un seguimiento de la degradación de β-caroteno con el tiempo y la temperatura. En la fruta tratada con aire caliente a 60oC y pretratada con DO, se obtiene una pérdida total de β-caroteno del 98%. La fruta tratada con aire caliente a 40 oC y sin DO, presenta la menor pérdida total de β-caroteno, la cual alcanza un 28%. Los tiempos de secado para alcanzar una humedad de la fruta cercana a 2,5% base seca son de 7, 9 y 12 horas a 60, 50 y 40oC respectivamente, para las frutas tratadas sin DO. Para las frutas tratadas con DO, los tiempos de secado son de 4, 5 y 6 horas a 60, 50 y 40ºC respectivamente. La cinética de degradación encontrada es de primer orden. El estudio de estimación de costos de proceso de secado encuentra que la mejor condición de proceso es a 60oC y sin el tratamiento de DO, con un costo aproximado de procesamiento de $374,42/Kg de fruta.

This study find the air temperatures for dehydrating Cape gooseberry, (Physalis peruviana L), with osmotic dehydration as a pretreatment, using a solution of sucrose of 70 o Brix to 40 oC by 16 hours. The highest level of β-carotene degradation, 98%, due to the effects of oxygen, temperature and provitamin lixiviation, takes place with the pretreated fruits, which dry at 60ºC. Lixiviation contributes to 80% of this. The fruits without pretreatment and dry at a temperature of 40ºC suffer a lower level of β-carotene degradation, 28%. The times for the untreated fruit, to reach a moisture level close to 2.5%, decrease as the air temperature increase (40, 50 y 60ºC, 12, 9 and 7 hours respectively). In the case of the pretreated fruit, the drying times are 4, 5, and 6 hours for 60, 50 y 40ºC respectively. Degradation kinetic is first order. The economic study find that the cost for dehydrating at 60°C for the untreated fruit was the most suitable with an approximately cost of $374.42/Kg of fruit.

Cálculo das variáveis na desidratação osmótica de manga cv. Tommy Atkins / Calculation of the variables in dehydration osmotic of the mangoes cv. Tommy Atkins

A desidratação osmótica é usada para a remoção da água, de frutas imersas em solução aquosa. A qualidade da desidratação osmótica depende de diferentes fatores como: concentração, agente desidratante, temperatura, tempo de imersão, natureza das frutas e a área de superfície exposta à troca osmótica. A parede celular e o tipo de açúcar utilizado como agente osmótico podem influenciar no fenômeno de transferência de massa. A eficiência do processo de desidratação osmótica pode ser quantificada pelos valores de perda de peso e incorporação de sólidos. As mangas foram cortadas em cubos de 1cm de lado e levadas para os tratamentos com 50 por cento sacarose (SAC), 50 por cento sorbitol (SOR) e 50 por cento estévia comercial (STV) acrescido de 1 por cento de cloreto de cálcio e o pH corrigido em 4,0 com o uso de ácido cítrico, por duas horas a 50ºC. A proporção fruta:solução desidratante utilizada em todos os tratamentos foi de 1:3 em massa. O tratamento utilizando solução composta com estévia não se mostrou eficiente por causa do baixo ganho de sólidos e reduzida perda de água. A maior perda de água e uma maior perda de peso da manga durante a desidratação osmótica foram observadas para o tratamento com sorbitol, enquanto o maior ganho de sólidos foi obtido no tratamento com sacarose.

The osmotic dehydration is used for water removal from immersed fruits in watery solution. The quality of the osmotic dehydration depends on different factors as concentration, dehydrating agent, temperature, time of immersion, nature of fruits and the surface displayed to the osmotic exchange. The cellular wall and the type of used sugar as osmotic agent can influence in the phenomenon of mass transference. The efficiency of the process of osmotic dehydration can be quantified by the values of loss of weight and solid incorporation. The mangoes had been cut in cubes of 1cm of side and taken for the treatments with 50 percent sucrose (SAC), 50 percent sorbitol (SOR) and 50 percent commercial estévia (STV) increased of 1 percent of calcium chloride and pH corrected in 4,0 with the acid use of citric, for two hours in 50ºC. The ratio fruit:solution used in all the treatments was of 1:3. The treatment using composed solution with estévia did not show to be efficient due to the low solid profit and reduced loss of water A bigger loss of water and a bigger loss of weight of the mango during the osmotic dehydration had been observed for the treatment with sorbitol, while the biggest solid profit was gotten in the treatment with sucrose.

Aceleración de la deshidratación osmótica de frambuesas (Rubus idaeus) por medio de calentamiento óhmico / Acceleration of osmotic dehydration process through ohmic heating of foods: raspberries (Rubus idaeus)

Frambuesas (Rubus idaeus) se deshidrataron osmóticamente a través de un tratamiento convencional bajo el supuesto de solución homogénea, utilizando como medio una solución de glucosa al 62% a una temperatura de 50ºC. También se deshidrataron osmóticamente por medio de calentamiento óhmico, utilizando como medio una solución de glucosa al 57%, con voltaje variable (para mantener una temperatura entre 40-50ºC) y unaintensidad del campo eléctrico <100 V/cm. Al comparar los resultados se observa una evidente disminución en el tiempo de proceso al utilizar el calentamiento óhmico. En algunos casos, ésta reducción alcanzó hasta un 50%. Esto se explica por el efecto adicional al daño térmico que se genera en un proceso óhmico, denominado electroporación.

Acceleration of osmotic dehydration process through ohmic heating of foods: raspberries (Rubus idaeus). Raspberries (Rubus idaeus) were osmotically dehydrated by applying a conventional method under the supposition of a homogeneous solution, all in a 62% glucose solution at 50ºC. Raspberries (Rubus idaeus) were also osmotically dehydrated by using ohmic heating in a 57% glucose solution at a variable voltage (to maintain temperaturebetween 40 and 50ºC) and an electric field intensity <100 V/cm. When comparing the results from both experiments it was evident that processing time is reduced when ohmic heating technique wasused. In some cases this reduction reached even 50%. This is explained by the additional effect to the thermal damage that is generated in an ohmic process, denominated electroporation.